Mating and Fitness Consequences of Sexual System in the Moss <i>Atrichum undulatum</i> s.l. (Polytrichaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Populations of the moss Atrichum undulatum contain females, males, and hermaphrodites, and hermaphrodites can have sex organs in close proximity or spatially separated across branches. Here we ask whether differences in gender influence selfing rates or progeny fitness. We used allozyme electrophoresis to measure selfing rates of female and hermaphrodite gametophytes. We measured size and spore number of sporophytes from females and hermaphrodites and germination, survival, and photosynthetic capacity of their gametophytes grown on medium with supplemental nutrients or only with tap water to simulate a harsher environment. Females showed no significant selfing between sibling gametophytes. Significant within-gametophyte selfing was found in hermaphrodites with minimal spatial separation of male and female sex organs. Parental gender did not influence sporophyte size, but sporophytes from females contained slightly more spores. After 6 mo, only progeny from females survived on tap water media. When progeny were transplanted onto tap water media, progeny of females had greater photosynthetic capacity but also higher nonphotochemical quenching than that of hermaphrodites, resulting in realized photosynthetic rates similar to those of hermaphrodites. While the observed fitness differences are small, they suggest that there may be selection on sexual systems in A. undulatum, perhaps through either increased provisioning of resources to progeny by females or gametophytic inbreeding depression following selfing in hermaphrodites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".