A nonlinear finite-element model of the newborn middle ear
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional static nonlinear finite-element model of a 22-day-old newborn middle ear is presented. The model includes the tympanic membrane (TM), malleus, incus, and two ligaments. The effects of the middle-ear cavity are taken into account indirectly. The geometry is based on a computed-tomography scan and on the published literature, supplemented by histology. A nonlinear hyperelastic constitutive law is applied to model large deformations. The middle-ear cavity and the Young's modulus of the TM have significant effects on TM volume displacements. The TM volume displacement and its nonlinearity and asymmetry increase as the middle-ear cavity volume increases. The effects of the Young's moduli of the ligaments and ossicles are found to be small. The simulated TM volume changes do not reach a plateau when the pressure is varied to either -3 kPa or +3 kPa, which is consistent with the nonflat tails often found in tympanograms in newborns. The simulated TM volume displacements, by themselves and also together with previous ear-canal model results, are compared with equivalent-volume differences derived from tympanometric measurements in newborns. The results suggest that the canal-wall volume displacement makes a major contribution to the total canal volume change, and may be larger than the TM volume displacement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".