Airborne measurements of carbonaceous aerosol soluble in water over northeastern United States: Method development and an investigation into water‐soluble organic carbon sources
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A particle‐into‐liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled to a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer for 3 s integrated measurements of water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM 1 ambient particles. The components of the instrument are described in detail. The PILS‐TOC was deployed on the NOAA WP‐3D aircraft during the NEAQS/ITCT 2004 program to investigate WSOC sources over the northeastern United States and Canada. Two main sources were identified: biomass burning emissions from fires in Alaska and northwestern Canada and emissions emanating from urban centers. Biomass burning WSOC was correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and acetonitrile (r 2 > 0.88). These plumes were intercepted in layers at altitudes between 3 and 4 km and contained the highest fine particle volume and WSOC concentrations of the mission. Apart from the biomass burning influence, the lowest WSOC concentrations were recorded in rural air masses that included regions of significant biogenic emissions. Highest concentrations were at low altitudes in distinct plumes from urban centers. WSOC and CO were highly correlated (r 2 > 0.78) in these urban plumes. The ratio of the enhancement in WSOC relative to CO enhancement was found to be low (∼3 μ g C/m 3 /ppmv) in plumes that had been in transit for a short time, and increased with plume age, but appeared to level off at ∼32 ± 4 μ g C/m 3 /ppmv after ∼1 day of transport from the sources. The results suggest that the production of WSOC in fine particles depends on compounds coemitted with CO and that this process is rapid with a time constant of ∼1 day.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".