A fingernail clam (Sphaerium sp.) shows higher reproductive success in hypoxic waters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low dissolved O2, or hypoxia, is becoming increasingly prevalent in aquatic habitats and is considered to be stressful for aerobic organisms. However, hypoxia also can be beneficial by decreasing cellular stress, particularly that related to free radicals. Therefore, an animal’s ideal habitat may have the minimum O2necessary to sustain aerobic metabolism, with excess O2increasing the need to scavenge free radicals and repair free radical damage. Here we show that a natural population of small (<9 mm shell length) freshwater clams (genus Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777) lives along a dissolved O2gradient from extreme hypoxia to moderate hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that clams living in extreme hypoxia would have higher reproductive success than clams that live in moderate hypoxia. Clam abundance was highest in water with very low dissolved O2, conditions previously demonstrated to decrease cellular stress. The internally brooding clams reproduced year-round and had higher reproductive output in extreme hypoxia than in moderate hypoxia. The findings demonstrate that the apparent cellular-level benefits of hypoxia may translate into increased fitness, especially for small organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".