Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects about 14 million persons in the United States and is the only common cause of death that is increasing in incidence. Chronic management of this disorder includes nonpharmacologic interventions such as smoking cessation, immunization, nutritional support, and pulmonary rehabilitation. The pharmacotherapy of COPD is based on regular administration of bronchodilators, when symptoms are persistent. Long-acting bronchodilators have been shown to improve quality of life in patients with COPD. Ipratropium remains the anticholinergic of choice, but more specific agents with a longer duration of action should become available. Four recent large clinical trials on the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have been published. The results demonstrate that ICS do not alter the decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Patients with more severe COPD and frequent exacerbations may have a better quality of life and a reduced rate of exacerbations with ICS. Management of acute exacerbations involves three major pharmacologic treatment modalities: antibiotics, short-acting bronchodilators, and systemic steroids. Recent data shows the benefits of systemic corticosteroids in the management of acute exacerbations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it