Fetal cardiac tumors: a single‐center experience of 40 cases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the natural history and outcome of fetal cardiac tumors. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all prenatally detected cases of cardiac tumors at a tertiary cardiac care center. RESULTS: Forty fetuses were identified to have one or several cardiac tumors in association with fetal hydrops (18%), ventricular obstruction (30%) and/or arrhythmia (13%). Of 33 cases with rhabdomyoma, three patients elected to terminate the pregnancy, four offspring died at birth and 26 (79%) survived. On follow-up, 95% of all live-born cases with rhabdomyomas were free of cardiac symptoms but 88% had tuberous sclerosis. All three fetuses with teratoma presented with hydrops and none of them survived. In contrast, all three fetuses with cardiac fibroma are alive and have a biventricular physiology. One fetus with a large atrial hemangioendothelioma died in early infancy. Fetal or neonatal death was associated with an earlier cardiac anomaly diagnosis, earlier delivery, larger tumor size and fetal hydrops at presentation. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of fetal cardiac tumors was predicted by the etiology and size of the cardiac mass and the presence of hydrops. Although most cardiac rhabdomyomas have a relatively benign perinatal course, the long-term prognosis is determined by the neurological manifestations associated with tuberous sclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".