Dissociation of Phenolic Groups in Kraft Lignin at Elevated Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The dissociation of the phenolic groups in a polydisperse, low molecular weight kraft lignin (Indulin AT) was studied in alkaline aqueous solutions in the temperature interval 21–70 °C, using a UV-spectrophotometric method. It was found that at a constant concentration of hydroxide ions, the degree of dissociation was decreasing when the temperature was elevated. Dissociation curves and apparent pΚ 0 values were also calculated for the polydisperse sample at the same conditions, using the van't Hoff and the Poisson-Boltzmann equations. At degrees of dissociation exceeding α ≈ 0.4, the outcome of the theoretical approach showed to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained results. Furthermore, calculations were performed for different molecular weights of kraft lignin and from this it was found that the apparent pΚ 0 is shifted to higher values by increasing molecular weight, due to an increased electrostatic attraction of the hydrogen ions, which is arising from a less curved surface. Predictions of the dissociation behavior at temperatures reached in the kraft process were performed and under these conditions, higher molecular weight lignin fragments seem never to reach the point of complete dissociation. It was also found that an increase in temperature results in phase separation in kraft lignin solutions with high ionic strengths and pH values close to the pΚ a of the phenolic groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".