Void fraction measurements beneath plunging and spilling breaking waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The temporal and spatial variations of the void fraction fields beneath deepwater breaking waves were investigated in the laboratory. There were a total of 13 measurement positions along the plunging wave; the peak void fractions measured varied from 0.024 to 0.96 and the time‐averaged void fractions varied from 0.012 to 0.37. For the spilling wave, there were four measurement positions, and the mean void fractions varied from 0.17 to 0.29. It was found that an energetic spilling breaker may entrain approximately the same volume of air as a steeper, larger‐amplitude plunging breaker. The speed of advance of the air cavity entrained beneath the plunging wave was estimated to be 70% of the phase speed of the breaking wave. The speed of the third bubble cloud entrained by the splash‐up was found to be approximately 90% of the phase speed. Beneath the spilling breaker, the speed of advance of the bubble cloud was estimated to be 100% of the phase speed. These measurements have lead to the identification of four significant events during the breaking of a plunging wave: the plunging water jet impacting the forward face of the wave, the air cavity collapse, the splash‐up impact on the forward wave face, and the location and timing of the peak void fraction in the splashing zone. Numerical models of plunging breakers should be able to accurately predict the timing and nature of these events.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".