Void fraction measurements beneath plunging and spilling breaking waves
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The temporal and spatial variations of the void fraction fields beneath deepwater breaking waves were investigated in the laboratory. There were a total of 13 measurement positions along the plunging wave; the peak void fractions measured varied from 0.024 to 0.96 and the time‐averaged void fractions varied from 0.012 to 0.37. For the spilling wave, there were four measurement positions, and the mean void fractions varied from 0.17 to 0.29. It was found that an energetic spilling breaker may entrain approximately the same volume of air as a steeper, larger‐amplitude plunging breaker. The speed of advance of the air cavity entrained beneath the plunging wave was estimated to be 70% of the phase speed of the breaking wave. The speed of the third bubble cloud entrained by the splash‐up was found to be approximately 90% of the phase speed. Beneath the spilling breaker, the speed of advance of the bubble cloud was estimated to be 100% of the phase speed. These measurements have lead to the identification of four significant events during the breaking of a plunging wave: the plunging water jet impacting the forward face of the wave, the air cavity collapse, the splash‐up impact on the forward wave face, and the location and timing of the peak void fraction in the splashing zone. Numerical models of plunging breakers should be able to accurately predict the timing and nature of these events.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it