A partial-molar volume study of electrolytes in propylene carbonate-based lithium battery electrolyte solutions at 298.15 K
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apparent molar volumes (V2, ϕ ) and standard partial-molar volumes (V20, ϕ ) of LiClO4 and LiBr at 298.15 K have been determined from precise density measurements in solvent mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC) with dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (AN), and methyl formate (MF). The scaled particle theory is used to calculate the contributions of the cavity formation and the electrolyte-solvent interactions to the standard partial-molar volumes. It is shown that V20, ϕ is strongly dependent on the nature of the solvents, and the trends in V20, ϕ with composition of the solvent mixtures are determined by the interaction volumes of electrolytes with solvents. The results are discussed in terms of ionic preferential solvation, packing effect of solvents in the solvation shell, and electrostriction of solvents by ion.Key words: partial-molar volume, scaled particle theory, lithium salts, propylene carbonate, solvent mixtures, lithium battery electrolytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".