Bibliographic record
Abstract
HIS study is a reexamination of the earlier proposed existence of T sex chromatin in the domestic fowl and supplies new data about interphase chromocenters from four other taxonomically widely separated avian species.In most animals parts of the chromosome set are heteropycnotic and stainable with Feulgen during interphase.Somatic interphase nuclei of homogametic mammalian females are generally characterized by a conspicuous chromocenter, the sex chromatin (BARR and BERTRAM, 1949; GRAHAM and BARR, 1952).It was shown by OHNO, KAPLAN and KINO-SITA (1959) to be formed by one entire X chromosome or part of it.KOSIN and ISHIZAKI (1959) and ISHIZAKI and KOSIN (1960) reported the presence of sex chromatin also in females of a bird, Callus domesticus.OHNO, KAPLAN and KINOSITA (1960) confirmed these observations claiming that the sex chromatin of the heterogametic hen represents the single Z.However, ASHLEY and THEW (1959) could not find a sex dimorphism in domestic fowl, duck, parrot and snakes, nor could MILES and STOREY (1962) in fowl cells cultured in uitro.SCHMID (1962) showed that the Z and the autosomes of the hen replicate simultaneously.This was demonstrated by autoradiography in short term cultures of bone marrow cells from adults of both sexes.The situation differs from that in mammals where one of the X chromosomes in the female synthesizes DNA later than the autosomes (MORI-SHIMA, GRUMBACH and TAYLOR, 1962).In addition SCHMID (1962) found that a microchromosome, presumably the W, of the heterogametic female synthesizes DNA relatively late, similarly to the Y of the Chinese hamster (TAYLOR, 1960).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".