An Isolationist Politician in an Internationalist Era: Senator Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota and the United Nations, 1945-1946
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 28 July 1945, Republican Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota was one of only two members of the US Senate to vote against the United Nations Charter. The politician objected to the famous document that had emerged from the San Francisco conference on several grounds. It must be noted, in addition, that he was spokesman for a state that still counted, during the Truman era, its contingent of individuals and organizations receptive to the isolationist creed. However, isolationism no longer appeared as a dominant force in post-war Minnesota politics: the internationalist sentiment, as elsewhere in the MiddleWest, was clearly on the rise in this quickly growing industrialized and urbanized North Star state. Consequently, Shipstead, who always took pride in his opposition to American adherence to the United Nations, had virtually no chance of winning the 1946 Republican primary election. Le 28 juillet 1945, le républicain Henrik Shipstead du Minnesota fut l'un des deux seuls membres du Sénat américain à voter contre la Charte des Nations Unies. Ce politicien s'opposait au célébre document résultant de la conférence de San Francisco pour plusieurs raisons. Il convient en outre de noter qu'il représentait un État qui, au début de l'ére Truman, comptait encore une part non négligeable de sa population réceptive aux idées isolationnistes. Cependant, l'isolationnisme n'était plus une force dominante dans les milieux politiques du Minnesota de l'aprés-guerre: les sentiments internationalistes, comme ailleurs dans le Mid-Ouest, s'intensifiaient nettement dans cet é tat de plus en plus industrialisé et urbanisé. Par conséquent, Shipstead, qui avait toujours revendiqué avec fierté son opposition à l'adhésion américaine aux Nations Unies, n'avait pratiquement aucune chance de l'emporter aux élections primaires républicaines de 1946.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".