Modelling of Non-isothermal Melt Flows in a Four Strand Delta Shaped Billet Caster Tundish Validated by Water Model Experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A mathematical model was developed using ANSYS 12.0 in order to simulate non-isothermal melt flows in a delta shaped four strand billet caster tundish. The fluid inside the tundish considered was water, so that the CFD model could later be validated against water model experiments. The buoyancy term was included in the momentum equation using Boussinesq's approximation. Experiments were performed for both the bare tundish, and the tundish fitted with an impact pad. For the bare tundish, step inputs of 5–15°C hotter fluid resulted in significantly stronger natural convection currents towards the extremities of the tundish. On the other hand, for cases of a tundish fitted with an impact pad, the effect of buoyancy driven flows due to step inputs of hot water, was much less pronounced since the pad itself had a big effect on regulating the fluid flow patterns. Step-down conditions were also simulated, where 10–15 degrees cooler fluid was introduced into a hotter liquid within the tundish. Detailed calculations were performed using the DPM, in order to evaluate the number of inclusions passing through the SENs under such transient conditions. While the step-up conditions facilitated the flotation of inclusions because of upward buoyancy driven flows, the step-down condition generated catastrophic results in terms of liquid metal quality. One third and full scale water model experiments were done to validate the numerical model and it was found that the mathematical predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".