Early Detection of Prospective Mates by Males of the Parasitoid Wasp <I>Pimpla disparis</I> Viereck (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In some insect species, the presence of a mate at the time of eclosion appears to facilitate rapid mating, with positive fitness consequences for one or both mates. Field observations that males of the hymenopteran parasitoid Pimpla disparis Viereck aggregated on a gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), host pupa before the emergence of a female led us to hypothesize that these males responded to chemical cues associated with parasitized host pupae. Results of laboratory experiments with wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), host pupae suggest that female P. disparis chemically mark the host pupae they have parasitized and that males discern between such pupae and those not parasitized. As males continue to recognize parasitized host pupae throughout the development of the parasitoid, they could exploit not only the females' marker pheromone but possibly also semiochemical, visual, or vibratory cues from the developing parasitoid inside the host pupa, the decaying host, or both. Irrespective, these cues could help males locate parasitized host pupae and time the emergence of a prospective mate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".