Benthic diving in male emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri foraging in winter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the foraging areas and diving depths of male emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri raising chicks at Pointe Géologie, Adélie Land, in relation to bathymetry and sea-ice conditions during the first foraging trip after incubation in August 1996 and 1997.Combining satellite-tracking and dive-recording devices on the same penguins allowed individual dives to be localised and related to water depth.The penguins mostly dived in zones less than 300 m deep, where they performed 50% of their dives and spent 54% of their bottom time near the sea floor, on average.Analyses including bathymetry and sea-ice cover for the 2 years suggest that after leaving the colony the penguins targeted the nearest available, fast-ice free shallow shelf waters (< 300 m).Once in these areas, the penguins foraged by diving near the sea floor during most of the remaining part of their foraging trip.Day-by-day analysis showed that during this central part of the foraging trip, 68% of the dives ended near the sea floor.The most likely function of these dives appeared to be feeding on benthic or bentho-pelagic prey.Benthic dives were rare during the first and last days of trips, when penguins were apparently in transit.Benthic-feeding is interpreted as a strategy towards predictable prey during a critical stage of the breeding cycle.Shallow areas of the Antarctic continental shelf may be important for some emperor penguin colonies around Antarctica.The importance of the benthic strata for this top predator of the Antarctic shelf ecosystem gives new insights on the trophic networks in the pack-ice during the Antarctic winter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".