The Effect of Platelet Proteins Released in Response to Titanium Implant Surfaces on Macrophage Pro‐Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Platelets are one of the earliest cell types to interact with surgically inserted titanium implants. This in vitro study investigated the effect of titanium surface-induced platelet releasate on macrophage cytokine gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To mimic the in vivo temporal sequence of platelet arrival and protein production at the implant surface and the subsequent effect of these proteins on mediators of the immune response, the levels of platelet attachment and activation in response to culture on smooth polished, sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA), and hydrophilic-modified SLA (modSLA) titanium surfaces were first determined by microscopy and protein assay. The subsequent effect of the platelet-released proteins on human THP-1 macrophage cytokine gene expression was determined by polymerase chain reaction array after 1 and 3 days of macrophage culture on the titanium surfaces in platelet-releasate conditioned media. RESULTS: Platelet attachment was surface dependent with decreased attachment observed on the hydrophilic (modSLA) surface. The platelet releasate, when considered independently of the surface effect, elicited an overall pro-inflammatory response in macrophage cytokine gene expression, that is, the expression of typical pro-inflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF, IL1a, IL1b, and CCL1 was significantly up-regulated whereas the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes such as IL10, CxCL12, and CxCL13 was significantly down-regulated. However, following platelet exposure to different surface modifications, the platelet releasate significantly attenuated the macrophage pro-inflammatory response to microrough (SLA) titanium and hastened an anti-inflammatory response to hydrophilic (modSLA) titanium. CONCLUSIONS: Theses results demonstrate that titanium surface topography and chemistry are able to influence the proteomic profile released by platelets, which can subsequently influence macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. This immunomodulation may be an important mechanism via which titanium surface modification influences osseointegration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".