Identifying the sister species to the rapid capuchino seedeater radiation (Passeriformes:<i>Sporophila</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within the Neotropical genus Sporophila, a group of eight species known colloquially as “southern capuchinos” shows remarkable phenotypic variation despite lack of (species level) mitochondrial DNA monophyly and extremely low differentiation in other putatively neutral genetic markers. Previous studies have interpreted this as reflecting recent common ancestry and, perhaps, ongoing hybridization and introgression. A recent taxonomic revision of the only polytypic southern capuchino species, Sporophila bouvreuil (with four previously recognized subspecies), prompted the designation of S. bouvreuil and S. pileata as two distinct species on the basis of plumage color and geographic distribution. We used DNA sequence and microsatellite data to corroborate these new species designations and explored for the first time the relationship between these taxa and the remaining southern capuchinos. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses showed that S. bouvreuil and not S. minuta, as was previously thought, is the sister species to the core radiation of which S. pileata is part. Our data suggest that the ancestor of the southern capuchinos is derived from northern South America and began to radiate during the lower to middle Pleistocene into at least eight species within the grasslands of northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, and southern Brazil. Consistent with earlier studies, we could not distinguish among southern capuchino species using neutral genetic markers, an expected signature of a rapid and recent radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".