Micellar Solubilization of Naphthalene and Phenanthrene from Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The equilibrium partitioning of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds naphthalene and phenanthrene, from nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) into micellar solutions of five different nonionic polyethoxylated surfactants, is evaluated in this study. A series of synthesized NAPLs, comprised of naphthalene and/or phenanthrene dissolved in hexadecane at varying concentrations, were equilibrated with surfactant solutions in well-mixed batch systems. It was observed that the extent of micellar partitioning of PAH compounds increases linearly with their relative abundance in the NAPLs. A theoretical liquid-liquid partitioning framework that describes PAH equilibrium partitioning between the NAPL, aqueous, and the liquid-like micellar phases is presented. Although the maximum solubilization capacity of micelles is generally higher for naphthalene as compared to phenanthrene, results indicate that with certain NAPLs phenanthrene may be solubilized to a similar extent as naphthalene, even when equal mole fractions of the compounds are present in the NAPLs. Selective solubilization of naphthalene over phenanthrene into micellar solutions of Brij 35 was observed in systems where naphthalene and phenanthrene were both present. The extent of micellar partitioning of phenanthrene was decreased by approximately 18% in the presence of naphthalene, while naphthalene partitioning was unaffected by the presence of phenanthrene.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it