Resistance Training And Executive Functioning Among Senior Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The majority of prospective intervention studies of exercise and cognition to date have focused on aerobic-based exercise training. Few have examined whether other types of exercise training, such as resistance training (RT), may also benefit cognition. PURPOSE: To compare the effect of once-weekly progressive RT (1× RT) and twice-weekly progressive RT (2× RT) to twice-weekly balance and tone exercises (2× BAT) on executive functions among senior women aged 65 to 75 years. METHODS: We conducted a 12-month randomized trial of exercise in 155 senior women. Participants were randomized at baseline to either: 1) 1× RT; 2) 2× RT; or 3) 2× BAT. The protocol for the RT groups was progressive and high-intensity in nature with the aims of increasing muscle strength in the extremities and trunk. Both a Keiser® Pressurized Air system (Keiser Corporation, Fresno, CA, USA) and free weights were used to provide the training stimulus. The BAT program consisted of stretching exercises, general posture education, and toning exercises with body weight. We assessed three key executive functions - set shifting, response inhibition, and working memory - using standard neuropsychological tests at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. The three key executive functions measured at 6 and 12 months were compared by forced entry multiple linear regression analysis, with baseline scores, baseline global cognitive function, baseline waist circumference, and experimental group included as independent variables in the models. RESULTS: Of the 155 participants assessed and randomized at baseline, 140 returned at 6 months, and 129 returned at 12 months. There were no significant between-group differences in set shifting or working memory at 6 or 12months. There were no significant between-group differences in response inhibition at 6 months. However, there were significant between-group differences in response inhibition at 12 months. Specifically, both the 1XRT and 2XRT groups significant improved compared with the 2X BAT group (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Executive functions are important to seniors' ability to live independently. Our results suggest that once- or twice-weekly RT may benefit the specific executive process of response inhibition. However, a training duration greater than six months is required to realize this benefit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".