The Yeast Iron Regulon Is Induced upon Cobalt Stress and Crucial for Cobalt Tolerance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To identify yeast genes involved in cobalt detoxification, we performed RNA expression profiling experiments and followed changes in gene activity upon cobalt stress on a genome-wide scale. We found that cobalt stress specifically results in an immediate and dramatic induction of genes involved in iron uptake. This response is dependent on the Aft1 protein, a transcriptional factor known to regulate a set of genes involved in iron uptake and homeostasis (iron regulon). Like iron starvation, cobalt stress induces accumulation of the Aft1 protein in the nucleus to activate transcription of its target genes. Cells lacking the AFT1 gene (aft1) are hypersensitive to cobalt as well as to other transition metals, whereas expression of the dominant AFT1-1(up) allele, which results in up-regulation of AFT1-controlled genes, confers resistance. Cobalt resistance correlates with an increase in intracellular iron in AFT1-1(up) cells, and sensitivity of aft1 cells is associated with a lack of iron accumulation. Furthermore, elevated iron levels in the growth medium suppress the cobalt sensitivity of the aft1 mutant cells, even though they increase cellular cobalt. Results presented indicate that yeast cells acquire cobalt tolerance by activating the Aft1p-dependent iron regulon and thereby increasing intracellular iron levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".