A novel anticonvulsant modulates voltage‐gated sodium channel inactivation and prevents kindling‐induced seizures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Here, we explore the mechanism of action of isoxylitone (ISOX), a molecule discovered in the plantDelphinium denudatum, which has been shown to have anticonvulsant properties. Patch‐clamp electrophysiology assayed the activity of ISOX on voltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in both cultured neurons and brain slices isolated from controls and rats with experimental epilepsy (kindling model). Quantitative transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) (QPCR) assessed brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)mRNAexpression in kindled rats, and kindled rats treated with ISOX. ISOX suppressed sodium current (INa) showing an IC50value of 185 nM in cultured neurons. ISOX significantly slowed the recovery from inactivation (ISOXτ = 18.7 ms; Controlτ = 9.4 ms;p < 0.001). ISOX also enhanced the development of inactivation by shifting the Boltzmann curve to more hyperpolarized potentials by −11.2 mV (p < 0.05). In naive and electrically kindled cortical neurons, the IC50for sodium current block was identical to that found in cultured neurons. ISOX prevented kindled stage 5 seizures and decreased the enhanced BDNFmRNAexpression that is normally associated with kindling (p < 0.05). Overall, our data show that ISOX is a potent inhibitor of VGSCs that stabilizes steady‐state inactivation while slowing recovery and enhancing inactivation development. Like many other sodium channel blocker anti‐epileptic drugs, the suppression of BDNFmRNAexpression that usually occurs with kindling is likely a secondary outcome that nevertheless would suppress epileptogenesis. These data show a new class of anti‐seizure compound that inhibits sodium channel function and prevents the development of epileptic seizures. image Isoxylitones, isolated from Delphinium denudatum root prevent seizure induction. Activity was tested on voltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in both cultured neurons and brain slices isolated from controls and rats with experimental epilepsy (kindling model). Isoxylitones enhanced sodium channel inactivation with an IC50of about 200 nM. Our findings suggest isoxylitones as a potential novel anticonvulsant agent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".