Pilot-scale study of phosphorus recovery through struvite crystallization examining the process feasibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The suitability of a new pilot-scale reactor to recover phosphorus through struvite crystallization was examined. Based on the similar principles previously tested in bench-scale reactors and scaled up to overcome operating problems encountered in earlier work, the pilot-scale crystallizer was used to effectively removerecover phosphorus from synthetic wastewaters. Ortho-P removal rates as high as 90% were obtained for low (~5070 mg/L P) and medium (~70100 mg/L P) strength wastewaters. To achieve these removal rates, a relatively high pH value of 8.3 was required. Over 90% of the removed phosphates could be recovered in the form of harvestable struvite crystals with a mean size of 2.53.5 mm and sufficient mechanical strength to permit harvestingreuse. A new concept of crystal retention time (CRT) has been developed, which is used to make estimates of the struvite crystal age. Results of this study indicate that CRT is one of the main factors affecting the mean crystal size.Key words: crystallization, phosphorus removal, struvite, sustainability, wastewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".