CREATINE-LOADED BODY MASS INCREASES ARE NOT EXPLAINED BY WATER CHANGES ASSESSED BY MULTIFREQUENCY BIOIMPEDANCE ANALYSIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is known that 5d of creatine (Cr)-loading leads to increases in body mass. Some have speculated that this increase in mass is due to an increase in total body water (TBW), primarily intracellular fluid (ICF). PURPOSE To determine whether changes in mass due to Cr-loading can be explained by changes in body water as estimated by multifrequency bioelectric impedance analysis (MBIA). METHODS 37 men between the ages of 18 and 28 y completed 5d of Cr-loading (270 mg·kg−1·d−1). Before and after loading, body mass was measured using a calibrated weigh scale and body water was estimated according to NIH guidelines (1994) using the Xitron 4200 MBIA. RESULTS Cr-loading resulted in an increase in mass (+0.56±0.21kg, P< 0.001, mean±SEM). TBW also increased (+1.12±0.24L, P< 0.001) with Cr-loading, as did ICF (+0.97±0.22L, P< 0.05); however, the estimate of TBW was 100% greater than the observed increase in mass (P= 0.08). In addition, the correlations found for changes in TBW and mass (r= 0.092, P= 0.595, r2= 0.008) or ICF and mass (r= 0.011, P= 0.951, r2= 0.0001) were nonsignificant. CONCLUSION Body water changes assessed by MBIA do not accurately reflect the observed changes in body mass with Cr-loading. Supported by the Joe Weider Foundation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".