Energy Transfer in the Azobenzene−Naphthalene Light Harvesting System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have investigated the model light harvesting systems (LHSs) A and B typifying energy transfer (ET) between a naphthalene, Np (donor, D), and an azobenzene, Az (acceptor, A), shown schematically in Scheme 2 . These models were actualized as the naphthyl azo molecules 1 and 4 containing a methylene tether (Scheme 1). The methoxy azo molecules 2 and 5, respectively, served as benchmarks for the assessment of ET. Photophysical data, including initial rate constants for photoisomerization (trans to cis, t-1 --> c-1, and cis to trans, c-1 --> t-1), the relevant c-1 --> t-1 quantum yields, and fluorescence quenching with free naphthalene, 3, as D were measured. Therefore, (1) irradiation of 3 at (270 nm) to give 3* generates fluorescence at 340 nm that is 65% quenched by the trans isomer of 2 (t-2) and 15% quenched by c-2. Comparable naphthalenic fluorescence of c-1 (LH model A) is quenched beyond detectability. (2) Rates of photoisomerization were determined spectrophotometrically for c-1 --> t-1 starting from the c-1 photostationary state as compared with the c-2 --> t-2 benchmark. (3) Progressing toward more complex LH systems, the initial rate constants, k(i), for c-4 --> t-4 (LH model B), were measured as compared with the c-5 --> t-5 benchmark. (4) A new criterion for ET (D --> A) efficiency emerges that combines k(i) (c --> t) ratios and light absorption on irradiation (at 270 nm) ratios. On the basis of this new criterion, both 1 and 4 exhibit virtually quantitative ET efficiency. (5) Quenching data of 1 (almost complete) and 4 (95%) and ET are discussed by comparison with the relevant model azoarenes, 2 and 5, respectively, and in terms of geometrical considerations. Implications for the extension of the results, notably the new criterion for ET efficiency, in these LH models A and B to the polymer and block copolymer D-(CRR')(n)-A and D-(CRR')(n)-A-(CR''R''')(m)-D targets are considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".