Performance of Pakistani volcanic ashes in mortars and concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two Pakistani volcanic ashes, VA1 (as is and calcined) and VA2 (as is), were incorporated into mortar cubes, concrete cylinders, and concrete beams as a partial substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and were studied in detail. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that both ashes possessed crystalline as well as amorphous phases. The pozzolanic activity index (PAI) of VA1 at 7 d was below 75%, whereas it was 80% at 28 d. The pozzolonic activity indices in OPC mortars containing VA2 were much higher than those for VA1, both at 7 and 28 d. In mortar cubes and concrete cylinders, approximately the same compressive strengths were observed in samples containing 100% cement as in those incorporating a 10% replacement of cement by either VA1 or VA2. Mortar cubes soaked in 5% sodium sulphate solution demonstrated consistently improved resistances to sulphate attack as ash content increased in the mortar. Similar results were also observed in water absorption tests. Modulus of rupture of all concrete beams decreased as the levels of VA1 and VA2 increased from 10% of OPC content to 40%. Rupture moduli were higher for VA1 than for VA2 at all cement replacement levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".