Solvent Effects on the Crystallization Behavior of Milk Fat Fractions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The high- and medium-melting fractions of milk fat (HMF and MMF, respectively) were crystallized in the presence of various solvents, including the low-melting fraction of milk fat (LMF), canola oil (CO), hexane, and ethyl acetate. Choice of solvent was shown to have a strong influence on phase behavior and crystallization kinetics. Dilution and solubilization effects were observed for all the blends. More solids were formed in the HMF and MMF blends with LMF than with CO, and complexes were formed between the milk fat fractions possibly because of molecular complementarity. Solids were slightly higher for the more polar ethyl acetate than for hexane. Crystallization proceeded more rapidly in the presence of LMF and ethyl acetate than in the presence of CO and hexane, respectively. According to the Hildebrand equation, HMF and MMF were ideally soluble in LMF and CO. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) revealed the existence of liquid-state structure in mixtures of HMF/CO, HMF/LMF, MMF/CO, and MMF/LMF. The observed liquid-state structure was reminiscent of liquid crystals. No differences were observed in the structure of the liquid phase between LMF- and CO-containing mixtures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".