Effects of gravity on directional growth and melting of ice crystals in solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present study, side-view images of the solute concentration distribution in waterKCl solution were obtained near the directionally growing and melting ice crystals by Moire phase shift interferometry to elucidate the effect of gravity. The results showed that the concentration distribution of solute changed drastically depending on the growth-cell thickness. In the thickest growth cell used, the concentrated solution near the growth interface flowed down under the influence of gravity and flowed ahead much further than the diffusion length of solute. In the thinnest growth cell, although the fluid motion was almost stabilized, the growth pattern deformed very sensitively to the effect of gravity. During directional melting of ice crystals, the dilute solution released from the melting ice rose up and flowed away from the interface. The cell thickness significantly affected not only the growth process, but also the concentration distribution. In addition, because of interest in sea-ice growth and melting, the downward growth and the upward melting of ice crystals were also studied. It was found that the dense solution accumulated below the growth interface released plumes of dense solution downward. PACS Nos.: 47.20Bp, 66.30Jt, 81.30Fb, 47.20Hw
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".