Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine and Norketamine After Oral Administration of a Liquid Formulation of Ketamine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, have analgesic actions. A liquid formulation of ketamine has been prepared in some hospital pharmacies. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketamine and norketamine after oral administration have not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral liquid ketamine in healthy volunteers. Methods: A liquid formulation of ketamine (1%) was administered to six healthy volunteers at a single oral dose of 5 mL. Venous blood samples (10 mL each) were collected before the administration, and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 6, 12 hours after the administration of ketamine. The blood pressure and pulse were measured, and the subjective symptoms were also checked for. The serum concentrations of ketamine and norketamine were measured by the HPLC method. Results: The Cmax, Tmax and AUC 0-12h of ketamine/norketamine were 29.9 ± 5.3/250.2 ± 28.7 ng/mL, 1.1 ± 0.2/1.6 ± 0.2 h, and 79.0 ± 24.0/1193.1 ± 159.6 ng·hr/mL, respectively. All of the six subjects reported feeling drunk temporarily around the Tmax of ketamine, and two of the six subjects complained of feeling sleepy around the Tmax of ketamine and norketamine. Furthermore, a significant increase of the mean systolic blood pressure was also noted at 1 and 1.5 hours after administration of ketamine. Conclusions: Norketamine may contribute to the analgesic effect after oral administration of ketamine. Thus, the liquid formulation of ketamine may be a useful formulation for obtaining effective analgesia. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jcs196e
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".