The temperature dependent thermal properties of ex vivo porcine liver tissue heated from 20°C to 90°C
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermotherapy uses a heat source which raises temperatures in a target tissue, and the temperature rise depends on the thermal properties of a tissue. Little is known about the temperature dependent thermal properties of a tissue, which prevents an accurate prediction of the temperature distribution of a target tissue that is undergoing thermotherapy. The present study reports the key thermal parameters (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat diffusivity) that was measured on ex-vivo porcine liver while being heated from 20° C to 90° C. The results show that all the thermal parameters resulted in the plots with asymmetrical quasi-parabolic curves with temperature, being convex downward with their minima at the turning temperature of 35-40° C. The largest change was observed for a thermal conductivity, which decreased by 9.6% from its initial value (at 20° C) at the turning temperature (35° C) and rose by 45% at 90° C from its minimum (at 35° C). The minima were 3.567 mJ/(m3.K) regarding the specific heat capacity, 0.520 W/(m.K) regarding the thermal conductivity, and 0.141 mm2/s regarding the thermal diffusivity. The minimum at the turning temperature was unique and is suggested to be taken as a characteristic value of the thermal parameter of the tissue. The study indicates that the key thermal parameters varied largely with temperature, which resulted in having a substantial influence on the temperature distribution of the tissue undergoing thermotherapy. Keywords: thermal properties, ex-vivo porcine liver, temperature, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermotherapy
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".