Intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid Treatment for Golfer's Toe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Osteoarthritis of the great toe can lead to a progressive decrease in range of motion (ROM) and pain at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. This condition, observed in older golfers, results in reduced participation and enjoyment of this popular activity. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction with a series of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) into the first MTP joint in older patients who reported osteoarthritis-associated pain, loss of MTP joint ROM, and disability that interfered with golf participation. METHODS: Forty-seven consecutive male golfers met the inclusion criteria and were given a weekly intra-articular HA injection for 8 weeks. Baseline measures of MTP joint ROM, pain at rest and immediately after tiptoe walking for 10 m, and global patient satisfaction (GPS) were compared with measures at 9 and 16 weeks and at presentation for a second injection series. RESULTS: Adverse events (only local injection site pain was noted) were less than 0.01%. At 9 weeks, significant improvement in pain at rest, pain after tiptoe walking, ROM, and GPS were observed. These changes were maintained for all measures at 16 weeks. At presentation for the second series, GPS was significantly higher than at baseline and at 16 weeks. Pain at rest, tiptoe walking pain, and ROM were significantly improved from baseline, but tiptoe-walking pain was significantly reduced at 16 weeks. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular HA injection significantly improved pain tolerance at rest and with activity. Patient acceptance of the treatment was high, with very few adverse events in golfers who had osteoarthritis of the first MTP joint.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".