Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Mammary Lipid Metabolism in Holstein Cows Fed Protected or Unprotected Canola Seeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Six midlactation Holstein cows were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 4.8% canola meal, 3.3% unprotected canola seeds plus 1.5% canola meal, or 4.8% formaldehyde-protected canola seeds, according to a double 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Mammary biopsies were taken the last day of each period for gene expression measurements. Milk production and milk protein percentage were reduced by canola seeds, whether protected or unprotected. Protected canola seeds also decreased dry matter intake. Feeding canola seeds reduced the content of C8 to C16 fatty acids in milk and increased the content of oleic acid (C18:1c9). Unprotected canola seeds elevated the concentrations of C18:0. Protected canola seeds increased the C18:2 and C18:3 content, and reduced the C18d:0/C18:1c9 ratio. Similar results were obtained for plasma fatty acids, with some specific features, such as an increased C16:0/C16:1 ratio with protected canola seeds. Canola seeds had no significant effects on insulin, triglycerides, or cholesterol present in serum, but increased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids; a greater increase was obtained with protected canola seeds. Expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and delta 9-stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes measured in the mammary gland did not differ significantly between diets. Therefore, the reduced C18s:0/C18:1c9 ratio observed in milk with protected canola seeds was not due to an enhanced expression of the delta-9 desaturase in the mammary gland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".