Functionalized Picolinium Quinodimethane Chromophores for Electro-Optics: Synthesis, Aggregation Behavior, and Nonlinear Optical Properties
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new series of functionalized and thermally stable zwitterionic picolinium (dicyano)esterquinodimethane (PeQDM) chromophores have been synthesized in one step from 7,8-di(methoxycarbonyl)-7,8-dicyanoquinodimethane (DMCQ) and various picolinium salts in methanol in nearly 50% overall yields. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements at 1.07 μm show very large near-resonant molecular first hyperpolarizabilities β up to 1800 × 10 −30 esu, despite the fact that, compared to previously studied zwitterionic NLO chromophores, one of the strong CN acceptor groups is substituted by a weaker ester group to allow for further functionalization. The ester functionality can be further utilized for attachment of solubility-imparting groups, cross-linkers, and reactive groups for grafting the chromophore onto a polymer. To optimize the electro-optic (EO) activity in the polymer matrix, the aggregation behavior of the PeQDM chromophores is studied. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirms the charge-separated ground-state of PeQDM and reveals the formation of a face-to-face, antiparallel H-aggregation with a large slip angle (θ = 64.5°) between the chromophores. In a less polar polymer matrix, PeQDM chromophores can form H- and/or J-aggregates and only J-aggregates could contribute to the EO activity if the monomeric chromophores released during the thermally induced J−H transformation could be captured and effectively poled. In a more polar polymer host, chromophores are well dissolved as monomers and effectively poled. A large and stable EO activity ( r 33 = 110 pm/V) has been achieved with a polyethersulfone film doped with 5 wt % of N -benzyl picolinium (dicyano)esterquinodimethane (PeQDM-Ben).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it