Novel Sensor Clustering–Based Approach for Simultaneous Detection of Stiffness and Mass Changes Using Output-Only Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a novel sensor clustering-based time series approach for anomaly detection. The basic idea of this approach is that localized change in the properties of a structure may affect the relationship between the accelerations around the position where the damage occurs. Therefore, for both healthy and damaged (or unknown state) structures, autoregressive moving average models with eXogenous inputs (ARMAX) are created for different clusters using the data from the sensors in these clusters. The difference of the ARMAX model coefficients are employed as damage features (DFs) to determine the existence, location, and severity of the damage. To verify this approach, it is first applied to a 4-DOF mass spring system and then to the shear type IASC-ASCE numerical benchmark problem. It is shown that the approach performs successfully for different damage patterns. It is also demonstrated that the approach can not only accurately determine the location and severity of the damage, but can also distinguish between changes in stiffness and mass.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".