The Confused Robot: Two‐Year‐Olds’ Responses to Breakdowns in Conversation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preschool children at two ages conversed with a toy robot during a play session. During the conversations the robot inserted either general (e.g., What?) or specific (e.g., Piggy is in what?) contingent queries in response to selected utterances. The children’s replies to these breakdowns in conversation indicated they were sensitive to the pragmatic requirements of these different types of query. By 33 months of age, the children replied to general queries with complete repetitions of their prior misunderstood utterance, and replied to specific queries with only the required constituentinformation. At 27 months of age, the children’s predominant strategy was to reply to both forms of query with complete repetitions, although the data suggest some degree of sensitivity to these different forms is also present in this younger group. These results are interpreted in terms of children’s sensitivity to Grice’s (1975) quantity rule and the potential changes in social cognition underlying children’s compliance with this rule.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".