Effects of Body Size and Shape on Locomotion in the Bat Star (<i>Patiria miniata</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among taxa ranging from cnidarians to vertebrates, absolute speed of locomotion generally increases with increasing body size. Despite the unique mode of locomotion in echinoderms, crawling speed also appears to increase with increasing body size, at least in some species of asteroids and echinoids. We used an escape-response assay to assess how maximum crawling speed varied with body size in the bat star Patiria miniata. We also tested the effect of arm number on maximum crawling speed by comparing speeds of five- and six-armed individuals. Contrary to prior reports for a single sea urchin and sea star species, both absolute crawling speed and crawling speed relative to body size actually declined with increasing body mass, increasing arm length, and increasing oral surface area, in both five- and six-armed individuals. Arm number did not appear to have a significant effect on crawling speed. The reasons for this negative relationship between crawling speed and body size in P. miniata remain unclear, but we suspect that the disproportionate increase in body mass relative to total tube-foot cross-sectional area may make locomotion proportionally more difficult in larger-bodied sea stars.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".