Revamping of 2×32 MWe Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers With Circulating Fluidized Bed Firing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A techno-economic feasibility study has been conducted to investigate revamping two 32 MWe pulverized-coal (PC) boilers with circulating fluidized bed (CFB) firing. The steam generators at Panki Thermal Power Station in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, are owned by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadon Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL), supplied by Waagner Biro, Austria, and commissioned in 1967–68. The study reveals that: (i) CFB revamping of the boilers is technically feasible and economically viable; (ii) Performance improvement of the plant is significant in terms of such indices as plant load factor, forced outage and a auxiliary oil consumption, among others. The expected performance improvement is due in large part to the elimination of key outage-prone components such as pulverizers (mills) and burners. (iii) Significant improvement in emissions performance due to the reduction in emissions of NOx and fly ash is projected. (iv) The financial analysis indicates that the CFB revamping option gives the highest return on investment compared to alternatives. Finally, to demonstrate the technical soundness and viability of the special design used in this revamping a sub-scale CFB boiler has been design and built at another power plant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".