Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity: Causes of morphological and dietary variation in Eurasian perch
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Question: What is the importance of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in forming the morphological difference between littoral and pelagic perch? Organism: Juveniles of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). Site: Enclosures (2 × 2 m) in a pond, Robacksdalen, Umea, Sweden. Methods: Adults from the littoral and pelagic habitats were bred separately and their offspring were raised in enclosures with either open water or vegetation in an artificial pond. Results: Offspring from littoral parents had a higher proportion of littoral prey types in their diet than pelagic offspring even though there were no differences in prey community between treatments. Littoral offspring had a deeper body than pelagic offspring raised in the same environment. However, most of the phenotypic variation in this experiment was explained by phenotypic plasticity: offspring from both parental types raised in open water displayed pelagic-type characteristics, whereas offspring raised in vegetation displayed littoral-type characteristics. Conclusion: Previous long-term studies on perch show that they experience a fluctuating environment due to population dynamics. The plasticity in perch could therefore be important as fluctuating environments favour plasticity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".