Revisiting lipid general anesthetic interactions (II): Halothane location and changes in lipid bilayer microenvironment monitored by fluorescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A universal mechanism for the action of general anesthetics (GA) is not yet available. In this study, we investigated the interaction between halothane and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-3-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) bilayers labeled with Laurdan, Prodan, and NBD-C6-PC as the reporter probes using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. We have evidence that halothane is located on the acyl chain side, near the headgroup region of the bilayer. Additionally, we find that halothane may be inhomogeneously distributed within DOPC and DPPC bilayers. We also show data that indicate halothane increases the free volume available to fluorescent probes. Differential scanning calorimetry and UV scanning calorimetry experiments were implemented to further observe the effects of halothane addition to the DPPC lipid bilayer. A significant shift of the phase-transition temperature of the DPPC system was observed. Our findings suggest that general anesthetic lipid bilayer interactions may play a significant role in the overall mechanism of anesthetic action, and these effects should not be ignored when interactions between membrane proteins and anesthetics are considered.Key words: liposomes, anesthesia, fluorescence, phase transition, phospholipid bilayers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".