On the limits of simple array antennas for uncorrelated patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For analysis, the simplest array comprises two isotropic antenna elements with same amplitude and same phase. A phase shifter in one branch provides the degree of freedom for basic pattern adjustment. We seek orthogonal patterns with respect to the element spacing, d, and the phase shift, δ. Approximate orthogonality (finite, but small correlation coefficient between patterns) is still useful in adaptive antennas in multipath scenarios. We consider the two-dimensional full/half plane space, i.e., θ = π, 2#x03C0;, for which there is a closed form solution. We also look for approximate pattern orthogonality for partial coverage. To treat the integrals of the latter case, we use accurate numerical integration methods with the aid of commercial software. The results for different angle and angular spread of coverage, show that for partial coverage, the broadside direction is more effective (lower pattern correlation) than the same coverage in the endfire direction. Deploying the single degree of freedom (phase shift) in a three (or more) element array allows more complex patterns but brings no extra pattern orthogonality capability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".