Alzheimer’s Disease and Stem Cell Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The exact causes of dementia are not yet known.By type, Alzheimer' s disease (AD), which is also known as (senile) dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), is caused by the aggregation of toxic proteins in the brain, and stroke-induced cerebrovascular dementia accounts for 80~90% of all dementia cases, with hydrocephalus or infectious diseases accounting for the rest.Dementia, which is a degenerative disease that is characterized by the general impairment of cognitive functions caused by temporary or lasting brain damage, is a serious "21 st -Century disease."In the United States, as of 2012, 1 out of 8 senior citizens (13%) is suffering from AD, making it the sixth most common cause of death.Over 5.4 million Alzheimer' s patients are currently receiving medical care in the USA, and they incur care costs that are as high as $200 billion a year [1].AD is a disease that is commonly characterized by a gradual decline of memory, language, and cognitive ability.It was first identified in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, in his case report describing the pathological structure of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of a 55-year-old woman who showed severe dementia symptoms with pathological features, such as a reduction of total brain volume, thinning of the cortical grey matter, ventricular enlargement, and deposits of amyloid, tau, and cerebrovascular amyloid proteins [2][3][4][5].Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmark pathological features that are observed in the brain of an Alzheimer' s patient.Senile plaques are deposits of a distinct protein fragment called beta-amyloid (Aβ), which induces neuronal cytotoxicity, and neurofibrillary tangles are abnormal structures that are formed by changes in the tau protein inside nerve cell bodies.The nerve cells in the brains of Alzheimer's patients progressively shrink and die.Such neuronal cell death occurs first in the brain regions that are responsible for memory and language, but it ultimately spreads to the entire brain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".