Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on perinatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on perinatal outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. POPULATION: Nonsmoking women with singleton gestations who delivered 1 April 2001-31 March 2009, identified through the Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Perinatal Database. METHODS: Women who self-reported exposure to ETS were compared with those who reported no exposure. Univariate analyses and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses (adjusting for maternal age, parity, partnered status, work status, level of education, body mass index, alcohol use, illicit drug use and gestational age) were performed and odds ratios(OR; or adjusted differences) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birthweight, birth length, head circumference and stillbirth. Secondary outcomes included gestational age at delivery, preterm birth <37 and <34 weeks of gestation, prelabour rupture of membranes, Apgar score, endotracheal intubation for resuscitation, neonatal intensive care unit admission, congenital anomalies, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, neonatal bacterial sepsis, jaundice and neonatal metabolic abnormalities. RESULTS: A total of 11,852 women were included: 1202(11.1%) exposed to ETS and 10,650 (89.9%) not exposed. Exposure to ETS was an independent risk factor for lower mean birthweight (-53.7 g, 95% CI -98.4 to -8.9 g), smaller head circumference (-0.24 cm, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.08 cm), shorter birth length (-0.29 cm, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.07 cm), stillbirth (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.16-9.72, P = 0.026), and trends towards preterm birth <34 weeks (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.00-3.53, P = 0.05) and neonatal sepsis (OR 2.96, 95% CI 0.99-8.86). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of nonsmoking pregnant women to ETS is associated with a number of adverse perinatal outcomes including lower birthweight, smaller head circumference and stillbirth, as well as shorter birth length. This information is important for women, their families and healthcare providers, and reinforces the continued need for increased public policy and education on prevention of exposure to ETS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".