Effect of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture on pain related responses in school age children.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Painful medical procedures are the major sources of distress among children; and for those with chronic diseases, the procedure-related pain can be worse than that of the illness itself. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture on pain-related responses in school-age children. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. SETTING: This study was undertaken in a paediatric emergency ward of a paediatric centre. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 80 children 6 to 12 years of age selected by purposive sampling after being referred to the paediatric emergency ward. INTERVENTIONS: Two groups were chosen for the study: the test and control groups, in order to test the effect of local coldness in reducing the pain of venipuncture. In the test group, the injection site was refrigerated for three minutes using an ice bag. In the control group, the procedure was performed according to usual routine. Physiological responses (ie. blood pressure, pulse, and respiration), behavioural responses (using the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale: CHEOPS), and subjective responses (or intensity of pain using the Oucher scale) were measured in the two groups. A non-invasive (electronic) sphygmomanometer was used before and 5 minutes after the procedure to measure the physiological responses. The measurement of behavioral responses by CHEOPS was done at two time points (during the procedure and 5 minutes after the procedure), measuring six areas of behavior: cry, facial expressions, child verbal, torso, touch and leg movement in reaction to painful stimulation. Finally, the subjective responses were measured at 5 minutes after the procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In this study the main outcome measures were: range of physiologic responses, and scores of behavioral and subjective responses. The study hypothesised there would be a lower score in the test group than the control group in behavioural and subjective responses and a lower range in physiologic responses. RESULTS: Results showed no significant difference between the two groups for physiological responses (before and after procedure). However behavioural responses during and after the procedure (p = 0.0011), and subjective responses after the procedure (p = 0.0097) were significantly lower (ie. the test group had lower scores in behavioural and subjective responses compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the use of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture can be considered an easy and effective intervention of reducing venipuncture-related pain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".