Genetically based differences in nest characteristics between lake, inlet, and hybrid threespine stickleback from the Misty system, British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hypotheses: Adaptation to different environments can drive the evolution of mating isolation and thereby contribute to ecological speciation. Adaptive divergence in nest characteristics, which could be one avenue to mating isolation, has received little attention. For it to be important, populations adapted to different environments should show genetic differences in nest characteristics. Organisms: Second-generation, laboratory-reared stocks of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from the Misty system, British Columbia, Canada. Experimental fish included pure lake fish, pure inlet fish, and lake-inlet hybrids. Methods: Males of different types (lake, inlet, and hybrid) were paired in aquaria, allowed to build nests, and then exposed to females of all three types (individually and on separate days). The resulting nests were photographed, collected, weighed, and dissected. Results: Lake nests were bulkier than inlet nests, and less often placed on gravel substrate than sand. Hybrid males tended to build intermediate nests but showed very high variation. Some hybrids built lake-like nests and others built inlet-like nests. Conclusions: Nest characteristics show genetic differences between lake and inlet stickleback, and might therefore contribute to any mating isolation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".