Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical and Experimental
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The continuous rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D), particularly in younger children, has been a constant theme highlighted in all previous Yearbook chapters on T1D. It is impossible not to reiterate this concept this year, given that it represents a major epidemiological issue and the driving force for the studies reported in this chapter. Several interesting basic and clinical studies have been published in 2011–2012 and some of the most interesting ones, dealing with a wide range of aspects associated with T1D, from pathogenesis to treatment, are presented. Progress has been made in terms of the understanding of the pathogenesis of T1D and how changes in environmental factors can interact with the individual genetic background in explaining the rising number of new cases of T1D. Changes in the immunophenotype of patients with T1D seem to have occurred over time, moving towards a more mature and aggressive immune response. Peripheral blood monocyte expression profiles have emerged to be a clinical useful marker to stratify patients with recent- onset T1D. New - cell- specific markers, which could be invaluable for diagnostic and intervention purposes, have also been identified. Clinical trials have been assessing new potential treatment strategies, such as immune treatments as well as new insulin analogues. Genetic studies have become more and more complex, by including interaction models which allow a better understanding of the role of genetic changes at single or multiple loci. In addition, the potential role of epigenetic changes has also been explored. Exciting has been the discovery of genetic manipulations which can influence insulin secretion, or even turn some gut cells into insulin- producing cells. From a clinical point of view, interesting findings have been the higher risk of T1D associated with cesarean section in combination with genetic susceptibility, the beneficial effect of intensive insulin treatment on glomerular filtration rate and the feasibility of behavioral interventions in the management of adolescents with T1D. Last but not least, the ‘new hope’ section is, as last year, dedicated to the progress in the field of islet transplantation. Many articles presented in this chapter will be followed by new studies aiming at confirming specific findings or extending them and leading to more discoveries, which will hopefully help prevent T1D or at least improve management, reducing complication risks and improving the prognosis of people affected by this disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".