Acute and Chronic Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on the Cardiovascular System in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that conjugated estrogens and continuous medroxyprogesterone increases heart disease risk in healthy women. Little is known about the effects of the natural ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone on cardiovascular function at rest and exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short- and longer-term effects of a cyclic format of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (1 mg estradiol daily with cyclic micronized progesterone, 200 mg for 10 d/month) on cardiovascular function at rest and during exercise in healthy, postmenopausal women. A double-blind, cross-over study was conducted in 31 patients. Peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold in addition to submaximal cardiac output were determined. Peripheral measures of resting and peak ischemic blood flows were also determined. Measurements were made at baseline, after 4 h of estrogen/placebo exposure, and subsequently after 1, 2, and 3 months. The sequence of data collection was repeated after 6-wk washout. Oral estradiol with cyclic micronized progesterone increases peak ischemic peripheral blood flow chronically but fails to improve exercise tolerance and peak oxygen uptake. Similarly, submaximal central cardiovascular function is unaffected by HRT. This suggests that estradiol has a beneficial effect on peripheral blood flow, but this benefit offers little advantage in terms of peak exercise performance after 3 months of HRT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".