Study of the ST2 model of water close to the liquid–liquid critical point
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We perform successive umbrella sampling grand canonical Monte Carlo computer simulations of the original ST2 model of water in the vicinity of the proposed liquid-liquid critical point, at temperatures above and below the critical temperature. Our results support the previous work of Y. Liu, A. Z. Panagiotopoulos and P. G. Debenedetti [J. Chem. Phys., 2009, 131, 104508], who provided evidence for the existence and location of the critical point for ST2 using the Ewald method to evaluate the long-range forces. Our results therefore demonstrate the robustness of the evidence for critical behavior with respect to the treatment of the electrostatic interactions. In addition, we verify that the liquid is equilibrated at all densities on the Monte Carlo time scale of our simulations, and also that there is no indication of crystal formation during our runs. These findings demonstrate that the processes of liquid-state relaxation and crystal nucleation are well separated in time. Therefore, the bimodal shape of the density of states, and hence the critical point itself, is a purely liquid-state phenomenon that is distinct from the crystal-liquid transition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".