Standard of practice: embolization of spinal arteriovenous fistulae, spinal arteriovenous malformations, and tumors of the spinal axis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spinal vascular malformations include a heterogeneous group of pathological/anatomical entities with congenital and acquired etiologies that induce spinal cord dysfunction, primarily through intradural extramedullary drainage and enlargement of the coronal venous plexus, resulting in venous hypertension and/or a direct mass effect. These lesions are rare, comprising approximately 5% of neurovascular disorders. Clinical manifestations are pain or venous congestive myelopathy, usually in the thoracolumbar spine. This may progress to hemorrhage from vascular thrombosis and necrotizing myelopathy (Foix–Alajouanine syndrome).1 Due to the differing hemodynamics, pathophysiology, and treatment considerations, a thorough knowledge of the various types of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is essential. The first descriptions of the single coiled dural vessel form of spinal dAVF with intradural extramedullary venous drainage were published by Kendall and Logue in 1977.2 Type I spinal dAVFs (also known as angioma racemosum venosum) are the most common and comprise 56% of all spinal lesions in the spinal vascular malformation database at the University of Toronto.3 They occur nearly 3–4 times as frequently in men. These generally low flow lesions may be further divided into type I-A (single feeder dAVFs) and I-B (≥2 arterial feeders).4 Although they are typically supplied via radicular arteries, anterior spinal artery feeders have also been reported.5 Type II spinal AVMs (also known as angioma racemosum arteriovenosum) are characterized by a compact, glomus-type, totally intramedullary nidus. They have no gender predominance but are symptomatic in younger patients. Type III (juvenile or metameric) spinal AVMs are highly complex intramedullary lesions that frequently extend into the extramedullary, epidural, or even extraspinal compartments. Vascular …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.073 | 0.059 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".