Detection and characterization of avian influenza and other avian paramyxoviruses from wild waterfowl in parts of the southeastern United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cloacal swabs were taken from migratory hunter-killed, nonmigratory, nesting waterfowl and migratory shorebirds from wildlife refuges in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida during 2006 to 2008. Samples were processed in embryonated eggs followed by hemagglutination (HA), Directigen, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR tests. Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (H) gene of the H10N7 Alabama isolate revealed that it was closely related (98%) to recent isolates from Delaware and Canada, but only 90% related to an H10N7 isolated 30 yr ago. Four isolates had 94 to 97% similarity to published H1N1 isolates including one from swine. No H5 or H7 isolates were found. One sample was highly pathogenic in embryos, produced a high HA titer, and was positive for both avian influenza (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus or avian paramyxovirus (APMV)-1. In recent (2008) sampling, more (14%) AIV, APMV, or both were isolated than in 2006 to 2007 (1% isolation rate). The higher isolation rate during 2008 may be attributed to optimized sample collection, storage in dry ice, new egg incubator, healthier eggs, time or habitat for isolation, species sampled, migratory status of birds, and more experience with detection procedures. An additional egg passage resulted in increased viral titer; however, no HA-negative samples became HA positive. The chance of transmission of APMV or low-nonpathogenic AIV from wild waterfowl to commercial poultry is possible. However, the chance of transmission of H5 or H7 AIV isolates from waterfowl to commercial farms in Alabama, Georgia, or Florida is unlikely. Therefore, continual testing of these birds is justified to ensure that H5 or H7 AIV are not transmitted to commercial poultry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".