Sedimentological Observations from the Tiskilwa Till, Illinois, and Sky Pilot Till, Manitoba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present sedimentological observations from the Tiskilwa Till in northern Illinois, and the Sky Pilot Till in northern Manitoba, that indicate deposition of these tills by subglacial deformation. These generally homogenous tills grade downward into more heterogeneous tills that incorporate underlying sediment into their matrix, indicating entrainment of older sediments by sediment deformation. Deformed sand inclusions within these tills imply deformation of the tills and inclusions prior to deposition. The Tiskilwa Till has relatively high fabric strength throughout its thickness, whereas fabric strength in the Sky Pilot Till generally increases up-section in 2 to 3 m thick increments. Fabric orientations in both tills rotate up-section, possibly due to changes in ice-flow direction associated with the thickening and thinning of ice, and changes in ice-flow divide location. In both the Tiskilwa and Sky Pilot Tills, the change in fabric orientation occurs over intervals of ~1 m, suggesting that the maximum depth of deformation was ≤1 m insofar as any greater depth of deformation would have reoriented till fabric during maximum ice extent and retreat. In the case of the Sky Pilot Till, the up-section increase in macrofabric strength indicates that strain increased up-section. These data suggest that these tills were deposited in a time transgressive manner as strain migrated upwards with the delivery of new till either released from the ice base or advected from up-ice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".