The effect of lead-contaminated soil from canadian prairie skeet ranges on the neutral red retention assay and fecundity in the earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sublethal effects of lead (Pb) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida were evaluated in the laboratory using freshly spiked soil and soil collected from Canadian prairie skeet ranges. After a four-week exposure to soil spiked with lead acetate, earthworm neutral red retention time (NRRT). soil Pb concentrations, and earthworm Pb body burdens were measured. Lysosomal NRRT was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.0001), and NRRT was negatively correlated with earthworm Pb body burdens (r = -0.80, p < 0.0001). To evaluate the effects of aged Pb, earthworms were exposed to soil from three skeet ranges, and responses were compared with three matched reference sites. After a four-week exposure, NRRT, growth, fecundity, soil total Pb levels, and earthworm Pb body burdens were measured. The potentially bioavailable fraction of Pb in these sites was measured using a Ca(NO3)2 extraction. Growth and fecundity did not differ significantly between any of the skeet ranges and their reference sites. However, NRRT was significantly reduced in all three ranges compared with their respective reference sites (p < 0.05), indicating that the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) may be useful for detecting toxicity and potential hazards at Pb-contaminated sites. Lysosomal NRRT was negatively correlated with soil Ca(NO3)2-extractable Pb (r = -0.80, p < 0.0001) and soil total Pb (r = -0.73, p = 0.001). Lysosomal NRRT was negatively correlated (r = -0.67, p < 0.002) with earthworm Pb tissue levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".