Surgical radiofrequency ablation induces coronary endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Surgical radiofrequency ablation is increasingly used during open heart surgery for the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of application of radiofrequency on coronary endothelial function and structure and establish the relationship between coronary lesions and distance of radiofrequency application. METHODS: Six Landrace swine (25.9+/-2.0 kg) were included in the study. With the heart kept beating, three epicardial radiofrequency lesions (20 W, 20 s duration, 60 degrees C) 2 cm in length each, were created 1, 5 and 10 mm away from the left anterior descending and the right coronary arteries. The circumflex artery served as control. Coronary rings were placed in organ chambers. After contraction to KCl and prostaglandin F2alpha, endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin were studied. Gomori trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin safran staining were used for histological evaluation. RESULTS: Exposure to radiofrequency 1 mm from the coronary arteries caused a significant decrease in endothelium-independent contractions to KCl and endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin compared to controls (P<0.05). No significant decrease of endothelium-dependent relaxations occurred for rings exposed to radiofrequency at a distance of 5 and 10 mm, compared to controls. Histological examination showed endothelial disruption and medial smooth muscle cells at different stages of necrosis up to 5 mm from the radiofrequency application site. CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency may induce coronary endothelial functional and morphological damages when applied less than 5 mm from the artery. Caution must be exerted during left atrial radiofrequency application due to the proximity of the circumflex artery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".